RoB 2 (randomised trials)
| Study label | Overall | ||
|---|---|---|---|
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Traffic-light plot
Summary plot
ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies)
| Study label | Overall | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| * |
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Traffic-light plot
Summary plot
Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
Score each study item by item; domain stars, the total and the quality band update as you answer.
Show the assessment items
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Star table
One column per criterion, with domain subtotals and the total out of the scale maximum — the table journals print.
Summary plot
GRADE
| Outcome | Study design | Certainty of evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Upgrading factors
Observational evidence starts at Low. These three factors can raise the certainty again. A randomised trial already starts at High, so they do not apply to one.
GRADE Summary of Findings
The certainty columns come from the assessment above. Type the event counts and the pooled relative effect; the absolute risks are worked out from them.
| Outcome | Certainty assessment | Summary of findings | |||||||||||
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| Participants (studies) | Other considerations | Certainty of evidence | Relative effect (95% CI) | ||||||||||
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GRADE certainty: ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High · ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate · ⨁⨁◯◯ Low · ⨁◯◯◯ Very low. CI: confidence interval.
The risk with the comparator is the observed control-arm event rate unless you state an assumed risk. The risk difference is derived from that risk and the relative effect — an odds ratio is converted through the odds, not applied to the risk directly.